Ali Nawaz Rahimoo

Wetlands are among the most productive yet most threatened ecosystems on Earth. They act as natural buffers against floods, purify water, support fisheries, sustain wildlife, and provide livelihoods to millions of people. Despite their immense ecological and economic value, wetlands continue to be drained, polluted, and neglected. In Pakistan, where water insecurity and climate vulnerability are growing rapidly, saving wetlands is no longer an environmental luxury but a national necessity.

Pakistan is home to 19 internationally recognized wetlands, known as Ramsar Sites, designated under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. These sites include globally important ecosystems such as the Indus Delta, Haleji Lake, Keenjhar Lake, Manchar Lake, Uchhali Wetland Complex, Taunsa Barrage, Chashma Barrage, Jubho Lagoon, Thanedar Wala, and Tanda Dam, among others. Spread across different provinces, these wetlands play a crucial role in water regulation, biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, and the survival of migratory bird species that travel thousands of kilometers each year.

The international framework guiding wetland conservation is the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, adopted in 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar. It is the world’s oldest global environmental treaty, focusing on the “wise use” of wetlands through conservation and sustainable management. Pakistan became a contracting party to the Convention in 1976, committing itself to protect its listed wetlands and ensure their ecological character is maintained. However, designation alone does not guarantee protection. Many Ramsar sites in Pakistan are under severe stress due to weak governance, inadequate funding, and competing development pressures.

The importance of wetlands is globally recognized each year on World Wetlands Day, observed on 2 February. The day commemorates the signing of the Ramsar Convention on 2 February 1971 and has been celebrated worldwide since 1997. Every year, a specific theme such as wetlands and biodiversity or wetlands and climate change highlights the growing relevance of these ecosystems in addressing global environmental challenges. For Pakistan, World Wetlands Day should serve not only as a symbolic occasion but also as a reminder of unmet conservation commitments.

Wetlands are officially identified and declared by national governments. For international recognition, governments nominate sites to the Ramsar Secretariat, which then lists them under the Convention. In Pakistan, the responsibility for declaring and managing wetlands lies primarily with the federal government for international coordination, while provincial wildlife and environment departments play the leading role in on-ground protection and management. This division of responsibility often leads to gaps in enforcement, particularly where wetlands fall between administrative boundaries or lack clear management plans.

Protecting wetlands is a shared responsibility. Governments alone cannot safeguard these ecosystems without the involvement of local communities, civil society organizations, researchers, and academic institutions. Communities living around wetlands are often the first to experience both the benefits and the consequences of wetland degradation. When wetlands dry up or become polluted, fisheries collapse, grazing lands disappear, and water quality deteriorates. Involving local stakeholders in conservation planning is therefore essential for long-term success.

From an environmental perspective, wetlands are biodiversity hotspots. They provide breeding and feeding grounds for fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and millions of migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway. Species such as pelicans, flamingos, ducks, and geese depend on Pakistan’s wetlands during their annual migrations. Wetlands also function as natural water filters, trapping pollutants and improving water quality for downstream users. They reduce flooding by absorbing excess rainfall and river overflow, recharge groundwater aquifers, and store significant amounts of carbon, making them vital allies in combating climate change.

Despite these benefits, wetlands in Pakistan face multiple threats. Pollution from untreated industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and sewage is degrading water quality in lakes and coastal wetlands. Water diversion, dams, and excessive extraction upstream are reducing inflows to rivers, lakes, and deltas, most notably in the Indus Delta, where mangroves are shrinking and seawater intrusion is increasing. Climate change is intensifying droughts, floods, and temperature extremes, further destabilizing fragile wetland ecosystems. Overfishing, illegal hunting, and unplanned urban expansion add to the pressure. When wildlife populations decline, it is often a warning sign that the entire wetland ecosystem is approaching collapse.

Wetlands are among the most valuable ecosystems on Earth, sustaining biodiversity, supporting human livelihoods, and providing essential ecological services. Highly interconnected and rich in life, they link mountains to oceans, cross political boundaries, connect diverse habitats, and enable the movement of species. Their health is fundamental to the planet’s ecological balance and human survival.

Water is the defining feature of wetlands, shaping their physical environment and the plant and animal communities they sustain. Globally, wetlands cover more than 12.1 million square kilometres and exist in many forms freshwater or saltwater, inland or coastal, natural or human-made, permanent or seasonal, and flowing or static. Despite this diversity, wetlands occupy only about six per cent of the Earth’s land surface, underscoring both their rarity and their importance.

Freshwater wetlands include rivers, lakes, floodplains, peatlands, marshes, and swamps, while saltwater wetlands consist of estuaries, mudflats, salt marshes, mangroves, lagoons, coral reefs, and shellfish reefs. Human-made wetlands, such as fishponds, rice paddies, reservoirs, and salt pans, also play a critical role in food security and water management. Collectively, wetlands provide services such as water purification, flood control, climate regulation, and habitat for countless species, making their protection a global priority.

Wetland conservation must be integrated into national climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies. Protecting and restoring these ecosystems strengthens resilience against floods, droughts, and climate extremes, while ensuring long-term benefits for society. Safeguarding wetlands is therefore essential for environmental sustainability and a more resilient future.

Pakistan became a contracting party to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands on November 23, 1976. The country has over 225 significant wetlands, of which 19 both freshwater and marine are designated as Ramsar Sites. Nine of these are located in Sindh, including Deh Akro-II, Nareri Lagoon, Jubho Lagoon, Rann of Kutch, the Indus Delta, the Indus Dolphin Reserve, Drigh Lake, Haleji Lake, and Keenjhar Lake. Hub Dam, located on the Sindh Balochistan border, is also a Ramsar Site and a key source of drinking water for Karachi. Despite their international status, many of these wetlands lack scientifically informed management.

Consequently, Pakistan’s wetlands are increasingly threatened by overexploitation, habitat degradation, and growing pressure on species and water resources. Weak institutional coordination, limited technical capacity, insufficient funding, and low public awareness have further undermined conservation efforts, particularly in Sindh.

A major challenge is the absence of a comprehensive legal and institutional framework for wetland management. Many wetlands lack formal legal recognition, and no single authority has been clearly mandated to manage them at the ecosystem level. Without clear leadership, coordinated governance, and ecosystem-based legislation, wetland conservation efforts will remain fragmented. Addressing these gaps is essential to halt degradation and protect Pakistan’s wetlands for future generations.

Saving wetlands requires moving beyond declarations and awareness days toward concrete action. Stronger enforcement of environmental laws, integrated water resource management, restoration of degraded wetlands, and meaningful community participation are critical. As Pakistan confronts water scarcity, food insecurity, and climate-induced disasters, wetlands offer natural solutions that no engineered infrastructure can fully replace.

Protecting wetlands is not just about saving birds or scenic landscapes; it is about safeguarding Pakistan’s ecological security and the well-being of future generations. The choice is clear: neglect these lifelines and face escalating environmental crises, or act decisively now to save the wetlands for nature, for people, and for the country’s sustainable future.

Read: Exploring Nature, Preserving the Future

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Ali Nawaz Rahimoo, based in Umerkot, Sindh is a social development professional. He can be contacted on anrahimoo@gmail.com 

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By Rehan Khan Khushik

Sukkur, Sindh

A case study of the Sediment transport dynamics during 2010 super flood at the Guddu Barrage on the Indus River published by the International Journal of Sediment Research, strongly recommended sediment management to ensure ecosystem maintenance for mitigating the threats of sea water intrusion, reducing de-silting cost, maintaining flood carrying capacity and increasing the life of gated weir.

The study released recently, observed that sediment management could reduce the billions of rupees cost annually of de-silting work and maintain the flood carrying capacity of hydraulic structures. The study was conducted by local and international researchers’ team from Project Management Office of Sindh Barrages Improvement Project, Irrigation department, West Florida Research & Education Centre, Watershed Management Lab, Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Science Department, University of Florida USA, and Mehran University of Engineering & Technology Jamshoro, led by Imran Aziz Tunio, PhD Scholar.

The study was conducted using 1D sediment transport model, made by Hydrologic Engineering Center- River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) US Army Corps of Engineers. The sediment transport was assessed for three months duration from July to September 2010. The analysis revealed that cumulative sediment mass inflow was about 320 million tons, and sediment transport aggradation was 155 million tons at Guddu Barrage.

This study can help local authorities, Federal Flood Commission, International Sediment Research Institute of Pakistan (ISRIP), and the Indus River System Authority (IRSA), policy and decision makers about the situations pertinent to understand the sediment transport dynamics and behavior of water spreading in the river through a gated weir and measure the effects of the climate change in the case of extreme floods, the high flood level may be exceed against the design flood carrying capacity at barrage. Additionally, this study can assist in the operation of gates managing sediment deposits that exist for Indus delta environments.

The study suggest 1D model can also provide quick intelligent estimation and visualization of sediment aggradation, degradation, flood depth, flood retention duration, inflow, outflow, along with water surface elevation, in comparison to manual calculations, which necessitate significant resource allocation.

The 1D model revealed that sediment accumulation could cause significant operational issues at the barrage. Model simulations indicate that barrage gates operation significantly impacts sediment management, standard operating practices can significantly minimize sediment deposition in the upstream of barrage and off taking canals, up to 60%. The effect of sedimentation on bed level rise would influence flood carrying capacity of barrage, high lag time, increasing maintenance costs and, flow delivery to the off taking canals, therefore restrict canal conveyance capacity, resulting an increase in pond/ water levels which can endangering system sustainability.

The model’s most significant feature was its capacity to display flow characteristics and sediment patterns throughout its cross-section, and in the longitudinal direction, gates operation, critical velocity, erosion, and deposition at each simulated section.

The findings and techniques applied in the study can be helpful to the improve barrage gate operation for regulation of water and remove sediment deposition at upstream of barrage. However, the use of advanced modelling techniques may also familiarize decision makers and enable them to assess the situation, allowing them to develop effective policies and timely decisions for sediment flushing operation and mitigating possible flood damages in vulnerable areas.

The study suggests that water surface elevation/ flood levels are very important to be vigilant to possibly unsafe levels of water so that corrective measures can be taken timely, and early warning can be issued in case of flooding conditions to safeguard vulnerable populated areas and resources. The lessons learned from the 2010 super floods underscore the significance of such preparation and stress the necessity of employing real-time monitoring and emergency preparedness plan to rescue and save vulnerable communities and public property.

The study indicates that the lower reach of the Indus River in Sindh province is characterized by a flatter slope terrain, while the upper reach extending from the Himalayas to Punjab features a steeper slope terrain, resulting high velocity carry more sediment load in the flow from upper reaches due to steeper terrain. As the river progresses towards the lower reach, the flatter terrain slope and low velocity contribute sediment aggradation in flatter terrain. Sediment will remain suspended in the river due to lack of minimal flow requirement for flushing during low water demand period and will not move to downstream; sediment flow will be required to initiate the flushing process. There is dire need to revisit the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991 and allocate sediment flow for the flat slope region, as sediment can be removed towards delta environments to combat sea water intrusion, ecosystem maintenance, reduce de-silting cost and increase life of gated weir.

The study serves as a reminder that climate change projected to escalate the occurrence and intensify of floods and other severe weather occurrences in the years to come. As a result, the concerned authorities must be prepared to alleviate the consequences. Thus, the Federal and Provincial government needs to be ready for active flood monitoring and management in real-time basis. It is important to strategize how to flush out deposited sediments while low and peak water demand periods by implementing appropriate gate operation protocols.

Among its key recommendations is the use of a two-dimensional flood propagation model to enhance monitoring in anticipating areas at risk of flooding. The study recommended the use of hydrodynamic and sediment transport model to observe how sediments move, settle, and affect rivers and hydraulic structures to improve the accuracy of results.

Read: Sedimentation reduces flood-carrying capacity of barrages in Sindh

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From the ‘American Rivers’ website  

Over the past 100 years, the United States led the world in dam building. We blocked and harnessed rivers for a variety of purposes. Those purposes include hydropower, irrigation, flood control and water storage.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has catalogued at least 90,000 dams greater than six-feet tall that are blocking our rivers and streams. There are tens of thousands of additional small dams that fall through the cracks of our national inventory.

While dams can benefit society, they also cause considerable harm to rivers. Dams have depleted fisheries, degraded river ecosystems, and altered recreational opportunities on nearly all of our nation’s rivers.

Today, many dams that were once at the epicenter of a community’s livelihood are now old, unsafe or no longer serving their intended purposes. Although not all dams damage rivers in exactly the same way, here are some of the most common ways they inflict harm.

FOUR WAYS DAMS DAMAGE RIVERS

DAMS BLOCK RIVERS

Dams prevent fish migration. This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. Fish passage structures can enable a percentage of fish to pass around a dam, but their effectiveness decreases depending on the species of fish and the number of dams fish have to traverse.

DAMS SLOW RIVERS

Aquatic organisms, including fish such as salmon and river herring, depend on steady flows to guide them.

Stagnant reservoir pools disorient migrating fish and can significantly increase the duration of their migration.

Dams can also alter the timing of flows. Some hydropower dams, for example, withhold and then release water to generate power for peak demand periods.

These irregular releases destroy natural seasonal flow variations that trigger natural growth and reproduction cycles in many species.

DAMS ALTER HABITAT

Dams change the way the rivers function. They can trap sediment, burying rock riverbeds where fish spawn.

Gravel, logs, and other important food and habitat features can also become trapped behind dams. This negatively affects the creation and maintenance of more complex habitat (e.g., riffles, pools) downstream.

Dams that divert water for power and other uses also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. Peaking power operations can cause dramatic changes in reservoir water levels. This can leave stretches below dams completely de-watered.

DAMS IMPACT WATER QUALITY

Slow-moving or still reservoirs can heat up, resulting in abnormal temperature fluctuations which can affect sensitive species. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels.

Other dams decrease temperatures by releasing cooled, oxygen-deprived water from the reservoir bottom.

Read more: Disadvantages of Dams

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Courtesy: American Rivers

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New York

Startling findings from a new UN data platform reveal that the marine dredging industry is extracting a staggering six billion tons of sand and sediment annually.

This is equivalent to over one million dump trucks every day – placing immense pressure on marine biodiversity and the well-being of coastal communities.

Marine Sand Watch, a platform developed by UN Environment Program (UNEP)’s analytical center, GRID-Geneva, uses artificial intelligence and automatic signals from ships to track and monitor sand, clay, silt, gravel, and rock extraction in the world’s marine environments.

It delivers crucial information on sand extraction zones (sand concessions), capital and maintenance dredging sites, sand trading hubs, vessel counts, and operators at sea.

While the platform is a groundbreaking tool, it currently cannot detect artisanal and small-scale mining along shallow coastlines, despite its intensity in some regions, according to UNEP.

Sand, a strategic material

“The scale of environmental impacts of shallow sea mining activities and dredging is alarming, including biodiversity, water turbidity, and noise impacts on marine mammals,” said Pascal Peduzzi, Director of GRID-Geneva at UNEP.

“This data signals the urgent need for better management of marine sand resources and to reduce the impacts of shallow sea mining,” he added.

The senior UN official called on governments as well as the dredging sector to treat sand as a strategic material, and swiftly engage in talks on how to improve dredging standards worldwide.

Alarming impacts

Between four and eight billion tons of sediment are dredged annually from marine and coastal environments.

This is “perilously” close to the natural replenishment rate of 10 to 16 billion tons per year necessary to sustain coastal and marine ecosystems, according to UNEP.

While shallow sea mining for sand and gravel is vital for various construction projects, they pose a major threat to coastal communities facing rising sea levels and storms.

Sand extraction also endangers coastal and seabed ecosystems, impacting marine biodiversity, nutrients from the sea and noise pollution, as well as impacting aquifer salinization and future tourism development, UNEP added.

Recommendations

International practices and regulations vary widely, UNEP noted, with countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Cambodia having banned marine sand exports in the last two decades, while others lack any legislation or effective monitoring programs.

The UN agency’s 2022 Sand and Sustainability report also called for enhanced monitoring of sand extraction and use, and recommended ending sand extraction from beaches and active beach-near shore sand systems for mining purposes.

It also calls for new international standards governing marine sand extraction.

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Courtesy: UN News (Posted on September 5, 2023)

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Omair Ahmad

As Pakistan and India celebrate their Independence Days, on 14 and 15 August respectively, the thin line of midnight is a reminder of the terrible violence that ensued just after independence, in the Partition. Those events, in which hundreds of thousands of people were killed and millions displaced, have left an enduring legacy in how people in South Asia view division of the region’s land and resources, and their management.

While Partition divided South Asia by borders, the region’s most essential resources – its rivers and ecosystems – need to be managed as bioregions if they are to continue to sustain us.

The legacy of Partition spills into matters like the Indus Waters Treaty, painfully negotiated over more than a decade after 1948, when engineers in the Indian side of Punjab stopped the flow of water into what was then West Pakistan. It rears its head over the difficulties in renegotiating the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty, and the continued impasse over a treaty on the Teesta River.

These problems are due partially to the logic of Partition: of different administrative units for those defined as ‘different people’. When discussing Partition and its aftermath, most writing focuses on the division as the main issue, especially since the violence was already preceded by other instances of mass conflict between Hindus and Muslims. Nonetheless, division is only part of the story: mismanagement, and a lack of a means of cooperation across boundaries, may have played a much bigger role in its enduring legacy.

A partition without a plan

Two significant pieces of scholarship, Patrick French’s Liberty or Death, which relies heavily on declassified Intelligence Bureau files, and Hormasji Maneckji Seervai’s Partition of India: Legend and Reality, based on the Transfer of Power papers, illuminate the decisions that led to the mismanagement of the greatest population exchange history has ever seen. In both works, the last Viceroy of India, Louis Mountbatten, and his decisions come under great scrutiny. They identify two key focal points where the history of Partition was written.

One was the date of independence, which was chosen not through some well-planned exercise, but to mark two years after the victory of the Allies against the Axis powers in the Second World War. As Seervai documents, Mountbatten’s predecessor, Archibald Wavell, had a carefully drawn plan for British withdrawal from the Indian subcontinent. Mountbatten had none.

Even worse was his decision to suppress news of the plan for Partition until just after the handover of power had happened. This was key because the largest administrative unit in the subcontinent, the military, was also carved in two just as the Partition came into effect, as were the police and other administrative jurisdictions. A population transfer involving millions of people was already going to be a massive challenge. Without an effective government structure, it became a series of bloody atrocities.

Why the history of management matters for rivers

Understanding Partition is central to understanding where South Asia went next. And what South Asia learned after August 1947 was that division inevitably leads to violence. This lesson was compounded by Bangladesh’s secession from Pakistan in 1971.

These turning points in the histories of the three countries have taught us that without cooperation across jurisdictions, breakdowns in governance become an inevitability.

The continuing legacy of a governance approach that sees resources as divided between different, often mutually hostile, legal and administrative units can be best seen in how rivers are handled across the region. Within India, the Cauvery remains a hotly disputed river, with the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu locked in a conflict over its waters that goes back to colonial times. Punjab and Haryana, too, continue to contest water rights.

After the Uttarakhand High Court granted legal rights to rivers in March 2017, the Uttarakhand state government filed a special leave petition in the Supreme Court which made it unworkable. The chief secretary of Uttarakhand – the highest administrative official in the state – pleaded inability to be the ‘legal guardian’ of the Ganga and Yamuna because they flowed through different states.

The slicing and dicing of rivers and bioregions by borders is not isolated to India. In March 1991, the provinces of Pakistan signed the Water Apportionment Accord, largely based on the historical use of water by the provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. Rather than setting the issue to rest, the provinces continue to tussle over the ownership and distribution of water. The mighty Indus basin, already divided between China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, has been divided still further, with nothing and nobody taking responsibility for monitoring – much less maintaining – the health of the basin as a whole.

Nor is this problem any less fractious in the east. As climate change raises the incidence and power of floods, every year a sorry blame game plays out between Nepal, India, Bangladesh and even Bhutan, in which each country, and provinces within the countries, accuse each other of mismanagement and exacerbating the floods. All the while, they keep an eye on China, where the source of the Brahmaputra (or Yarlung Tsangpo) lies, and from where limited information filters south.

Bioregions not borders

The end result of this focus on borders rather than bioregions is that ecosystem health is deeply undermined. The hilsa fish has disappeared from most parts of Pakistan and India as the river ecosystems it depends on have been disrupted. It is now largely confined to Bangladesh. India and Nepal quarrel over the nationality of an individual sloth bear, and healthy yak populations are now largely found only in Tibet.

More fundamentally, none of the countries whose futures are intimately tied to the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, and the trans-boundary rivers that flow from it, have a very good idea of what is going on in the mountains. With the largest concentration of ice after the North and South Pole, the roof of the world is crisscrossed with contested borders, with armies and men even stationed on glaciers such as Siachen (where the militaries lose more lives to the climate than their declared enemies). The shroud of national security has made the Himalayan region a ‘white hole’ in reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The horror of Partition has failed to teach the countries of the region the catastrophe’s most important lesson: that cooperation across jurisdictions is the only way to avoid tragedy. As the climate crisis – with its floods and droughts, its plagues of locusts, its storms and disasters – looms over South Asia, there is scant evidence as yet of the cooperation that could help people across all borders protect the rivers and ecosystems they ultimately depend on.

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Omair Ahmad is managing editor for South Asia at The Third Pole. He has worked as a political analyst and journalist, with a particular focus on the Himalayan region. He is the author of a political history of Bhutan, and a few novels.

Courtesy: The Third Pole (Published on August 14, 2022)

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The 1991 Water Accord must incorporate environmental flow concept and Indus delta be declared as fifth shareholder of Indus water distribution, bedsides four provinces – Environmental Expert Nasir Panhwar   

Karachi

Indus delta is facing an impending colossal damage due to shortage of water in downstream Kotri barrage, with the increased abstraction of water upstream, as the quantity of silt reaching the delta has drastically reduced.

This was stated by environmental expert Nasir Ali Panhwar in a session titled “Indus Delta: environmental and socioeconomic issues and solutions” organized by Sindh Madressatul Islam University Karachi on December 31, 2021.

He said that the Indus Delta is ranked as the 5th largest one in the world and holds 97% of the total mangroves forests of Pakistan. “Indus delta is facing numerous challenges such as lack of adequate freshwater flows, degradation of precious mangroves ecosystem, sea intrusion, loss of livelihood and vulnerability to disasters,” he said.

Panhwar added that losses to ecosystem functioning and services are large and irreparable as several habitats and ecosystems are lost and so are the ecosystem services. “The shrinking of ecosystem services has seriously affected economic productivity, including decrease in Palla fish breeding and catch, riverine forest products, and loss of wildlife species, agriculture and marine fish species,” he elaborated.

He pointed out that if the process continues, many more forest, fish, bird and wildlife species may vanish soon. He recommended that the 1991 water accord must incorporate environmental flow concept and Indus delta be declared as fifth shareholder of Indus water distribution, bedsides four provinces.

Speaking on the occasion, the Vice Chancellor SMIU Prof Dr. Mujeebuddin Sahrai Memon said that till a century ago, Thatta was a hub of export and trade in the region as ports were located there and added that even till a decade ago, these towns were vibrant in business and commerce related to agriculture, fisheries but the situation is quite abysmal at present. He viewed while advising the policymakers, that if the water is released to Indus delta as per 1991 Indus water accord the situation can be improved drastically.

Dean Faculty of Sciences Dr. Syed Asif Ali, Director ORIC Dr. Aamir Iqbal Umrani, Manager ORIC Dr. Muhammad Afzal Chhajro, Chairperson Department of Environmental Sciences Dr. Imran Chhajro and Coordinator of the department Abdul Majeed Pirzada, and large number of students were present on the occasion.

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Sindh Courier

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