Aziz Kingrani

The Sindhi language, one of the oldest languages of the Indian subcontinent, has deep historical and linguistic ties with Sanskrit that date back to the Vedic period. Although the roots of Sindhi can also be traced to Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian languages, the linguistic and grammatical similarities between Sindhi and Sanskrit cannot be regarded merely as the influence of one language upon the other.

This paper examines the extent, nature, and degree of Sanskrit’s influence on Sindhi, tracing its development within the Indo-Aryan linguistic family. Through a comparative analysis of phonology, Grammar, syntax, and vocabulary, the study highlights the contributions of Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian languages to the evolution of Sindhi’s grammatical structure and lexicon prior to the emergence of Sanskrit.

The paper further explores historical interactions between Sanskrit and Sindhi—such as the spread of Vedic culture and early Indo-Aryan migrations—that contributed to the linguistic similarities between the two languages. Despite later influences from Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and English, the enduring imprint of Sanskrit remains evident in Sindhi’s core linguistic framework and cultural expressions.

Ultimately, this study underscores the significance of Sanskrit as a foundational source for understanding Sindhi’s linguistic heritage and its place within the broader Indo-Aryan language continuum. The shared features in phonology, Grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and other linguistic aspects are discussed in detail.

Introduction

The Sindhi language is one of the most ancient and rich languages, holding a prominent position among Indo-Aryan languages. In reality, Sindhi is a non-Aryan language. Its roots are connected to the language of the Indus Valley Civilization (Alana: 2004:27). Dr. Alana with reference of S. R. Raō states that “Sindhi language is related to the pre-Aryan period” (Alana: 2004:48). According to Sir John Marshall, “The Indus Valley Civilization existed before the Aryan period and its language was certainly among the pre-Aryan languages” (Marshall: 1931:24). Sirajul Haq Memon claims that “the language of Mohenjo-Daro is Sindhi, and it influenced Sanskrit” (Memon Siraj: 1964:100). One may or may not agree with Memon’s view, yet comparative study of the books of Krishnamurti and Sanford Steever with same name “The Dravidian Languages” show that Sindhi has roots in both the Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian periods.

From the Vedic era onward, Sindhi did not remain the language of the ruling classes; instead, it settled firmly within the speech of the common people. During the ancient and glorious Indus Civilization, different linguistic and cultural influences played an important role in the evolution of Sindhi language. The presence of Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian lexical stock, phonology, and syntactic structures in Sindhi also indicates that Sindhi is a pre-Vedic language.

To determine or show the influence of one language upon another, four aspects are considered essential. Through these aspects, the influence of one language on another can be clearly understood:

(a) Grammatical influence

(b) Phonological influence

(c) Sentence structure (Syntax)

(d) Lexicon or vocabulary

In the light of above factors, the Connection between Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian Languages can be analyzed as below:

Proto-Dravidian Lexicon

The Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian periods are earlier than the Vedic period. Sindhi contains a large number of Proto-Dravidian words, such as: ka-wāṭi (a stick on shoulders roped to the both ends for carrying load) , vīrī/vithī (Space), Vairī (enemy), vairu (enmity), kātī (Knife), nīr water, tears), āse ( desire, hope), kāṇi (from which kāṇo, one eyed), min or mīnu meaning fish, bright, a glittering object, star, etc. Pilu originally means “elephant,” which is now obsolete in Sindhi, though the idiom “pil pāyũ” is still used means “strong.” Many other Proto-Dravidian words exist in Sindhi, but are not listed here for brevity.

Dravidian Lexicon

Sindhi also contains a considerable number of Dravidian words. Examples include:

From Tamil: amān (mother), vīrī (space)

From Kannada: prīti (love), kārī (meaning black), amān (mother)

From Telugu: amān (mother), kātī (knife), babā (Father)

From Brahui: āyī (lum, mother), sālam (sālu, brother of wife), khan (eye), in Sindhi, kāṇ or kāṇo ((one eyed)

From Gondi: yāyal (āyal, mother), likhan (to write)

From Kolami: kāko (uncle), nek (man; virtuous man), bā (bābā, father)

From Malto: kure kure (for dog), vīrī (space), māmā (brother of mother) etc.

(Murti, 2003; Steever, 1998; Parpola, 2010)

Syntax in Dravidian and Sindhi

The sentence structure of Dravidian languages and Sindhi is the same: first the subject, then the object, and finally the verb (Subject + Object + Verb). For example:

Brahui: Anwar irag/bakho kuneka

Sindhi: Anwar māni khāe tho.

Tamil: Anwar unavai ughirār.

Phonology in Dravidian Languages

Tamil has 12 short and long vowels (Lehmann: 1989: XII–IV), many of which correspond to Sindhi vowels. Telugu has 15 short and long vowels (Brown: 1840:6), also showing strong parallels with Sindhi. Like Sindhi, Telugu and Brahui feature aspirated and unaspirated consonants. Telugu also contains aspirates and consonants similar to those in Sindhi.

a, k, t, d, n, ṭ, p, y, b, r, l, w (v), s, hh, m, sh, gh, ch, chh, jh, th, dh, ph, bh, kh, etc. (Brown: 1840:6)

Although Telugu includes many aspirates due to Sanskrit or other Aryan language influences, it is still classified as a Dravidian language. Sindhi, however, despite sharing such features, is categorized among Indo-Aryan languages. The grammatical connection between Sindhi and Dravidian languages indicate a Dravidian substratum within Sindhi.

Influence of Sanskrit

Sindhi is unquestionably a Proto-Dravidian/Dravidian language before the Vedic period, but as Sanskrit was a language created and controlled by the upper class and religious authorities, it exerted strong influence on many languages—including Sindhi—from the Vedic period onward. As a result, Sindhi adopted many phonological, grammatical, syntactic, and lexical features directly or in modified from Sanskrit. Understanding these influences not only highlights linguistic connections but also reflects the wider cultural and historical connections between the two languages.

(a) Grammatical Influence

Grammatical influence refers to similarities in the formation or structure of words. Comparative study shows that Sindhi and Sanskrit share many grammatical features, though Sanskrit does not fully determine Sindhi grammar. For example:

Sanskrit, like Arabic, has singular, dual, and plural forms (Thibaut: 1930:27; Müller: 1886:189), while Sindhi has only singular and plural. In Sindhi, some nouns use the same form for both singular and plural, e.g., māṇhu (man/men).

Examples of singular/dual/plural:

Arabic: rijil (man), rajlain (two men), rijāl pilural

Sanskrit: puruṣaḥ, puruṣau (two men), puruṣāḥ

Sanskrit has six or seven cases for nouns/pronouns (Thibaut: 1930:27; Müller: 1886:188), while Sindhi has five. Sanskrit has three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter—whereas Sindhi has four: masculine, feminine, neuter, and common gender.

There are differences in adjective degrees, verb conjugations, and the formation of past and participial forms (Thibaut: 1930:29; Müller: 1886). Sanskrit traditionally counts in units of 30 (two thirties = 60) (Thibaut: 1886:63), while early Sindhi counting was based on twenties (Alana: 2004:39), e.g., two twenties = 40; three twenties = 60. Counting patterns thus differ between the two languages.

Sindhi and Sanskrit both form compound words using prefixes and suffixes. Some prefixes are shared between both languages—su, a, an/aņ, nir, ku, etc.—while Sindhi has additional prefixes such as ao, ma, ḍu, which Sanskrit lacks.

Gerunds:

In Sanskrit, gerunds are formed by adding ivtā or vtā suffix to the verbal root, e.g., krivtā / krvtā “to do.”

In Sindhi, gerunds are formed by adding the suffix -ṇ (of Dravidian origin) to the imperative or base verb.

(b) Phonology

The phonological systems of Sindhi and Sanskrit are largely similar but differ in some respects. Sanskrit has thirteen vowels (Müller: 1886:42, 242), while Sindhi has about six short and long vowels. Sindhi contains several additional aspirated and unaspirated consonants that Sanskrit does not have (Thibaut: 1930:1), such as:

ḃ, j̃, ñ, ḍ, ġ, ṇg, ṛ, lh, nh, ṭh, rh, ŕh, wh, mh, ġh, etc.

These are unique to Sindhi. The nasal ñ found in Dravidian languages is also present in Sindhi but not in Sanskrit. For example: nāng (Sindhi) vs. nāg (Sanskrit).

(c) Syntax

Sindhi and Sanskrit share the same structure for simple and compound sentences; the same structure also appears in Dravidian, Pāli, and other Indo-Aryan languages. The sentence pattern is Subject-Object-Verb (Müller, 1886):

Sindhi: Rām mevo khāi tho.

Sanskrit: Rāmaḥ phalam khādati.

Given this similarity, and keeping Sirajul Haq Memon’s opinion in view, it cannot be claimed with certainty that Sanskrit was influenced by Sindhi; rather, both may reflect influence from a Dravidian or another Aryan language.

(d) Lexicon

Sindhi and Sanskrit share many identical or slightly modified words. Examples include:

Sanskrit: janma, bhūmi, gyāna, ākāśa, vasanta

Sindhi: janam, bhūmi, gyān, ākās, basant

(Baloch, 2006)

After Sanskrit, due to political and religious influence, Sindhi absorbed many words from Turkish, Persian, Arabic, and English.

Conclusion

Although Sindhi is counted among the Indo-Aryan languages, its linguistic character aligns closely with Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian languages. Its lexical stock, grammar, syntax, and phonology reveal clear Dravidian patterns. Sindhi and Brahui are nearly sister languages. Being sister languages and close proximity the opinion given in book “Forgotten Cities of the Indus” edited by Michael Jansen and others can be considered for Sindhi language as well.  They write, “The Indus Language is likely to have belonged to the North Dravidian sub-branch represented today by the Brahui language spoken in the mountain valleys and plateaus of Afghanistan and Baluchistan” (Jansen: 1987: 195). Some scholars believe that the influence of Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian languages upon Sindhi and other languages occurred later—but when? During the Vedic period, Sanskrit dominated the linguistic and cultural landscape. If Dravidian languages had already spread outward from the Indus Valley, could they still have influenced Sanskrit-dominant regions? This seems doubtful. Moreover, there are historical references indicating the existence of Sindhi during the Vedic period.

In any case, the influence of Sanskrit on Sindhi is clearly present, which is why Sindhi today is classified among the Indo-Aryan languages.

References

1, Alana G. A Dr, 2004 Sindhi Boli Jo Bun bunyaad, Sindhica Academy Karachi

2, Marshall Jan Sir, 1931, Mohenjo Daro and Indus Valley Civilization, vol. 1, Arthur publication London

3, Memon Sirajul Haq, 1964, Sindhi Boli, Azeem Publication Hyderabad

4, Krishnamurti, Bhandriraju, 2003. The Draidian Languages, Cambridge University press

5، Steever, Sanford.B, 1998, The Draidian Languages, by,RoutLedge

6، Parpola Asko, 2010, The Roots of Hinduism

7، Lehmann, Thomas, 1989, A Grammar of Modern Tamil Language, Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture, India

8، Brown Charles Philp, 1840, A grammar of Telugu Language, Vepery Mission Press Madras

 9، Thibaut. G, 1930, Sanskrit Grammar, University of Calcutta

10، Muller Max .F. 1886, Sanskrit Grammar, London

11, Baloch N.B Dr, 2006, Hik Juldi Sindhi Lughat, Sindhi Language Authority Hyderabad

12, Jansen. M, Mulloy .M, Urban. G, 1987, Forgotten Cities of the Indus, Germany

Read: Dalel Fort: A vanishing heritage of Sindh

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Aziz Kingrani, hailing from village Haji Manik Kingrani, Johi, Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan, is poet, short story writer, playwright and a researcher. He has been contributing in the fields of history and literature. He has served as a professor as well. His 17 books are published in English and Sindhi language. 

The post Influence of Sanskrit on Sindhi language first appeared on Sindh Courier.

Aziz Kingrani

Abstract

The paper deals with the documental ancientness of Sindhi Language, especially with reference to proto-Dravidian languages, Dravidian languages, Vedic culture and Panani’s Grammar of Sanskrit. It has been endeavored to trace the roots or connections of Sindhi Language with Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian languages of Indus Valley Civilization as well as Indus Script. It has also been strived with historical knowledge, backgrounds and inheritance that Sindhi language might have linked with un-deciphered Indus Script. The attempts have been made to prove with historical and archaeological record that Sindhi language remained rich from proto Dravidian period. The paper aims to discuss the parallel evolution of Sindhi language with Sanskrit language through an analytic study of both the ancient languages.

Inevitably, being a language of Elite Class preference was given to Sanskrit language. Consequently every sort of oral literature was narrated in the (holy) Sanskrit language. Meanwhile Sindhi remained a second language (of common people) throughout the centuries which resulted the disappearance of the continuous roots and links of Sindhi language and its gradual disconnection with the Proto-Dravidian languages Dravidian languages of the Indus Valley Civilization as well as Indus Script. The violence and political hegemony of Aryans demolished and uprooted the links between the Vedic Sindhi language, Dravidian languages and the Proto-Dravidian Sindhi language. So many words of Proto Dravidian and Dravidian Language are prevalent in Sindhi yet. Most probably, Sindhi is a Dravidian Language but later on after the dominance and influence of Aryan languages, the Persian and Arabic languages, Sindhi has been included in the Indo-Aryan group of Languages.

Introduction

Sindh land is most ancient on the globe created by Indus River. How and in which era this land was named Sindh? There are many hypothesis and opinions but some modern research scholars are of the opinion that Sindhi is proto Dravidian language (Motwani: 2011:57). Sindh word is Dravidian (Brahui: 2017:40). As Sindh land is ancient, Sindhi language also can be considered most ancient language as well. The ancient documental evidences, historical and archaeological findings prove that Sindhi language prevalent in proto Dravidian period. Sindhi language is not derived from Sanskrit but it is one of the ancient languages of the Indus Valley Civilization of pre-Sanskrit era (Bralvi: 1986: 47). There are four theories about the origin of Sindhi, three of which explored its roots in the Indo-Aryan system. However, the remaining one insisted that today’s modern Sindhi was derived from the Proto-Dravidian system with other Dravidian languages and the Indo-Aryan system as a whole as its sisters (Mansoor: 2017).

There are so many examples of Dravidian and Proto Dravidian words in present Sindhi language which provide evidences that Sindhi language was spoken during Indus Valley Civilization era as well as before it up to 4th millennium BCE (3300 BCE) which can be called proto Dravidian period. It is more ancient than Sanskrit of Vedic culture. These proto Dravidian and   Dravidian words have been mentioned with meanings in the book “The Dravidian languages” by Bhandriraju Kirshanamorti. Some examples of Proto Dravidian and Dravidian words are given below:

1) ‘Kã-wati’ – in Sindhi language it is still prevalent as ‘Kanwaati’ (ڪنواٽي) (Kirshanamorti: 2003:P_9). (On a shoulders by pole with rope fastened to both ends container on each). The depicted load bearer on Indus Script seals as load bearer can be considered as (Man with Kanwati) which indicates to relation of Sindhi Language with Indus Script as well.

2) Kun-tãl. With little phonetic change it is in Sindhi language as ‘Kodãr'(ڪوڏر), pick -axe, tool for digging (Krishnamorti: 2003: p-9).

3) Katti-i , in modern Sindhi language it is prevalent   as ‘Kaati’ (Knife,ڪاتي), (Krishnamorti: 2003: p-9)

4) ‘Bhanda’ (goods, ware), it is in Sindhi language as ‘Bhando’ (ڀانڊو) singular and ‘Bhanda'(ڀانڊا) plural (Kirshanamorti: 2003: p-9).

5) ‘Patti’ tool for measure (grain). It is ‘Paati'(پاٽي) in Sindhi language with little phonetic change for measuring grain (Kirshanamorti: 2003: p-9).

6) ‘Awa’ / ‘Awan’, Sindhi ‘Awhaan’ (اوهان) means you (kirishnamurti: 2003: 49).

7) ‘Wir-i,’ ‘Viri-i’, space, some open (in wall), conflict same as prevalent in sindhi. ‘Wiri’, ”Viri’ (وِيري) and its synonym is ‘Withi’ (وِٿي) in sindhi. (Kirishnamurti: 2003:190).

8) Cutt-u (Katt-u) (to cut) same in Sindhi Cutt-u (ڪَٽُ، جهير، ڪٽڻ) means to cut, (Kirishnamurti: 2003: p-43)

9) ‘Kure Kure’ (calling dog, ڪُور ڪُور) is as it is in Sindhi language (Parpola: 2015:283).

10) ‘Kana’ (blind from one eye or one eyed) in Sindhi ‘Kaano’ (ڪاڻو) singular, ‘Kaana’ (ڪاڻا) plural (Parpola: 2015:283). (Kirishnamurti: p-6)

11), ‘Papa’ a sinful being (snake), a sin, (Krishnamurti: p-2), Sindhi ‘Paapu’ (پاپُ، ڏوھ)

12), ‘Vair’ (‘vairu’), enmity, ‘Vairi’ enemy (Kirishamurti: p-2) in Sindhi ‘Vairu’ (ويرُ، دشمني), (Vairi) in Sindhi enemy (ويرِي).

13), Kot-ay, (fort, fortress), (Kirishnamurti): p-8), Sindhi ‘Kot’ (ڪوٽ، قلعو).

14), Attu, (flour), (Kirishnamurti:p -10), Sindhi ‘Atto’ (اٽو)

15), ‘Mama’, (father’s sister’s husband, mother’s brother (Kirishnamurti: p-10), Sindhi ‘Mamo’ (مامو).

16), ‘Amma’ (Mother), (Kirishnamurti: p-10), Sindhi ‘Amman’ (امان).

On other hand, since the Indus Valley civilization has been discovered, the scholars have discussed the linguistic individualities of its (IVC) people. The analytic study by scholars in the light of many  archaeological, linguistic, archaeogenetic and historical indications have claimed that the words used for elephant (like, ‘pīri’, ‘pīru’) in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, word used for elephant in the Hurrian part of an Amarna letter of  1400 BC, and the ivory-word (‘pîruš’) recorded in certain sixth century BC old Persian documents, were all originally borrowed from ‘pīlu’, a Proto-Dravidian elephant-word, which was prevalent in the Indus valley civilization, and was etymologically related to the Proto-Dravidian tooth-word ‘pal’ and its alternate forms (‘*pīl’/‘*piḷ’/‘*pel’). (Asumal: 2021: 8,193). In Sindhi language it is also prevalent ‘Pilu Pau’ as phrase which means ‘power’ or powerful. In Arabic it is ‘feel/feal’ (فِيل) and in Persian ‘Pilu’ (Asumal: 2021:8, 193).

As for as Indo-European languages, the word “Andho” (blind) of Sindhi language is included with same meaning in “The American heritage dictionary of Indo European roots” (Watkins: 2000: 04). This dictionary was originally published in 1985. This indicates that Sindhi language was not only one of the main languages of earliest period and Indus Valley Civilization but it widespread in Europe (as Dravidian and proto Dravidian language) like Sanskrit and loaned words to European languages as well.

In Rig Veda the loaned words of Dravidian language are too included. The loaned words are used in Rig-Veda show that words are borrowed from other language and those have been called loaned words by scholars. The loaned words included in Rig-Veda are: ‘Pipru’ (Pipal tree), raja (King), (Singh: 2009:187), ‘phalu’  (fruit ), ‘Khara’ (Kharu), I think it means enemy, ‘Kiri’ (abstention), kirir (kind of tree) ‘Kul’ or ‘kala’ (whole or complete, machine),  Kunaru (lame in arm and also a pot for water as well), kano plural  kana  plural (blind in one eye), kunda or koonda  singular Koondo (a Pot),  nala  (nalu or naru) (reed or pipe), Mayur ( Morr, peacock), Danda, singular Dando (stick), bila or biru (hole, cave), katu (Cutt-u) to cut or may be Khato (bitter or sour and Catt-u given above to cut), ‘bala’ in Sindhi ‘baru’, means force. (Natarajan:2018), ‘mrg’ (Mirg’ ) (now ‘mirgh’, deer) and ‘nag’, now nangu means snake (FBJK: 1979: xxi) are also prevalent in Sindhi language up till now which help us to believe that being Dravidian language, these loaned words are of Sindhi language which existed in Vedic period parallel to Sanskrit.

The above loaned words included in Sanskrit or Rig-Veda, being a Dravidian language, surely belong to Sindhi language. If it is incorrect then question arises that from which Dravidian language these words had been loaned or barrowed and were used in Rig-Veda? Definitely, these loaned words belong to Dravidian language, especially to Sindhi language. And it is clue to consider Sindhi language as Dravidian language. The loaned words of Sindhi language in Rig-Veda also confirm the roots of Sindhi language in Vedic period.

Related article: Sindhi and Dravidian Languages: A comparative Study

The Astadhyayi (Grammar) of Panini (Pani) contains such compound words as lipikara (‘Lipikar’, who knows alphabet) or libikara (derived from ‘Lipi’ (Alphabet) with little phonetic change it evidently means a writer. The date of Panini is not fixed but some scholars want to place it in the eighth century BCE, generally some fix it in 4th century BCE. Epics contain archaic expressions (of Sindhi language), such as ‘likh’ (write), lekha (Wright-up), ‘lekhaka’ (‘Lekhak’. writer) ‘likhana’ (‘Likhanu’ means to write). The latter epic period in South Asia, especially in India is roughly counted from 1000 BCE to 6oo BCE (Jayapalan: 2008:18). Sindh and Indus River are mentioned in both epics, ‘Ramayana’ and ‘Mahabharata’ (Harjani: 2018). In the 4th century BCE Buddhist canons were composed in which ‘Lekha’ (‘lekh’ means Wright-up) and ‘lakhaka’ (‘Lekhak’ means writer) are included in the Bhikkhu pacittiya 2, ii and the Bhikkhuni pacttiya 49 ii (Shastri: 1987: 5-6) which are common words in Sindhi language. Above all words might have in Sanskrit as loaned words but these are also in stocks of Sindhi language until now.

Conclusion 

Obviously, three main evidences have been described and comprehensively discussed. One, Sindhi language existed during proto Dravidian phase, second Dravidian era and third during Vedic period. Evidently, the documental ancientness can be proved through above done discussion. The words of Sindhi are documented in Rig Veda and Panani’s grammar. Moreover, Dravidian word ‘Kawnaati’ can be considered to link with load bearer, a symbol of Indus script. Most probably, during the period of Mohenjo Daro Civilization load bearer might have called ‘Kanwaati’. Whereas, the variance or variant in shape of a symbol of load bearer on seals, shows that possibly in cities and towns of Indus Valley civilization there were different kinds of load bearers (Kanwaatis) for different loads. However, the deep analytic study would open the door for further documental ancientness of Sindhi language counting for deciphering and connecting Indus Script with Sindhi language

References

1, Motswana Jagat K, 2011, none but India (Bharat) is cradle of Aryans, Sanskrit, iUnierse

2, Brahui Shakir Nazar , 2017, Quarterly Mihran, Sindhi Adabi Board Jamshoro, p-40

3, Baralvi Syed Mustafa Ali, 1986, education press Karachi, p-47

4, Mansoor Hassan, 2017, Daily Dawn Karachi

5, Kirshanamorti Bhandriraju, 2003, Dravidian languages, Cambridge University, 2003ISBN1139435337, 9781139435338

6, Parpola, Asko, 2015, the roots of Hinduism, Oxford University, p-283

7, Ansumal Mukhopadhyay, B. Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultra-conserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 8, 193 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w

6, Singh Upender, 2009, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India, p-187

7, Winters Clyde, November 2012, Dravidian is the language of the Indus writing, Current Science volume 103

8, Natarajan C.S, 2018, A Solution to the National Language Problem of India, Notion press, ISBN: 9781948147149, 1948147149

9, FBJK, 1997, Sammlung, Rodopi, ISBN9042002352, 9789042002357

10, Jayapalan N. 2008, Economic History of India, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors

ISBN: 9788171568383, 8171568386

11, Harjani Dayal N, 2018, Sindhi roots and rituals part-2, Notion Press

ISBN: 9781642494808, 1642494801

12, Shastri, Bhattacharyya Gaurinath, 1987, A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, ISBN: 9788120800274

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Aziz Kingrani, hailing from village Haji Manik Kingrani, Johi, Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan, is poet, short story writer, playwright and a researcher. He has been contributing in the fields of history and literature. He has served as a professor as well. His 17 books are published in English and Sindhi language. 

The post The documental ancientness of Sindhi Language first appeared on Sindh Courier.