ChatGPT says, “Dams and canals, such as the Tarbela Dam and the Mangla Dam, have altered the natural flow, impacting what reaches downstream areas, particularly in Sindh.’
- Construction of new canals raises significant concerns regarding water distribution, especially for Sindh, which already faces challenges with water scarcity – ChatGPT
Nasir Aijaz shares the conversation with ChatGPT who spoke like a well-versed expert on water woes of Sindh
Do you know about the Indus River?
Yes, the Indus River is one of the longest rivers in the world, flowing approximately 3,180 kilometers (about 1,976 miles). It originates in the Tibetan Plateau in China, then flows through India and Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea. The river is crucial for agriculture and water supply in the regions it traverses, particularly in Pakistan, where it supports the Indus River Basin irrigation system, one of the largest in the world.
Historically, the Indus River has been significant for the development of ancient civilizations, most notably the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BCE. The river’s basin is rich in cultural and historical significance, contributing to the region’s agriculture, trade, and economy. You may ask any questions about the Indus River.
Yes I have many questions about the Indus River. Are you aware that Indus River is Life Line for Sindh?
Absolutely, the Indus River is often referred to as the “Lifeline of Sindh.” It plays a crucial role in providing water for agriculture, which is the backbone of the province’s economy. The river supports the cultivation of various crops, including cotton, wheat, and rice, and sustains the livelihoods of millions of people living in the Sindh province.
The Indus River’s extensive irrigation system, including canals and distributaries, is essential for managing water resources, especially given the arid climate of the region. Its significance goes beyond agriculture; it also supports drinking water supply, fisheries, and various ecosystems along its banks.
In recent years, challenges such as water scarcity, pollution, and climate change have posed threats to the river and the communities that depend on it. Sustainable management and conservation of the Indus River are vital for the continued well-being of Sindh’s population and environment.
You look well aware, and I am sure you also know how the Indus River has dried up over the years, particularly in Sindh?
Yes, the drying up of the Indus River, particularly in Sindh, is a significant concern that has developed over the years due to a combination of factors. Here are some key points regarding this issue:
Water Diversion: A major reason for the reduced flow of the Indus River is the extensive irrigation projects that divert water from the river for agricultural purposes. Dams and canals, such as the Tarbela Dam and the Mangla Dam, have altered the natural flow, impacting what reaches downstream areas, particularly in Sindh.
Over-extraction: Increased agricultural demands have led to over-extraction of water from the river system, contributing to reduced flow. The irrigation practices, especially in Punjab, have placed additional pressure on the available water resources.
Climate Change: Changes in weather patterns due to climate change have resulted in varying rainfall and melting glaciers in the Himalayas, affecting the overall water availability in the Indus basin. Drier conditions and uneven distribution of rain contribute to the river’s diminishing flow.
Pollution: Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and urban waste have polluted the Indus River, leading to degraded water quality. This pollution not only affects those who rely on the river for drinking and irrigation but also impacts aquatic ecosystems.
Sedimentation: Sedimentation in the riverbed due to a decrease in sediment flow—resulting from damming—can reduce the river’s capacity to hold water, further exacerbating the issue of drying.
As a result of these factors, many parts of Sindh have faced severe water shortages, impacting agriculture, fishery livelihoods, and the overall ecosystem. Efforts are being made to address these challenges through improved water management practices, advocating for more sustainable use of water resources, and enhancing cooperation among the provinces over water sharing.
It has been reported that the Federal government of Pakistan is constructing new canals to irrigate vast lands in southern parts of Punjab province. Do you have such knowledge?
Yes, there have been reports regarding the construction of new canals in Punjab, often aimed at irrigating additional land and boosting agricultural production. The focus on expanding irrigation infrastructure stems from the need to support food security and sustain the agricultural economy in a province known for its extensive farming activities. However, this development raises significant concerns regarding water distribution, especially for Sindh, which already faces challenges with water scarcity.
Several key points to consider are:
Inter-Provincial Implications: The construction of new canals in Punjab may exacerbate water disputes between provinces, particularly with Sindh, which relies heavily on the Indus River. Sindh’s farmers and communities worry that these projects could further reduce the already limited water flow to their region.
Sustainable Water Management: While increasing irrigation capacity is essential for agricultural development, it must be balanced with sustainable water management practices. Without careful planning, these new canals could worsen the existing challenges of water allocation and availability.
Environmental Concerns: Expanding irrigation infrastructure could have environmental implications, including the potential for salinity issues, changes to local ecosystems, and further depletion of already strained water resources.
Government Policy: The federal government’s infrastructure projects typically aim to enhance agricultural productivity, but they should also consider the benefits of equitable water distribution among provinces to ensure long-term sustainability.
Long-term solutions would ideally involve collaborative water management strategies among the provinces, with an emphasis on shared resources and equitable distribution to avoid exacerbating tensions or worsening water scarcity in regions like Sindh.
Do you know that people of Sindh are protesting against construction of new canals as this disputed project would further devastate the agriculture economy of Sindh?
Yes, there have indeed been protests in Sindh against the construction of new canals in Punjab. The people of Sindh, including farmers and other stakeholders, are deeply concerned about how these projects could further aggravate the already precarious water situation in the province.
Key Reasons for the Protests
Water Scarcity: Sindh has been facing severe water shortages, and the construction of new canals in Punjab is seen as a threat to their already limited water supply. Protesters argue that diverting water for new agricultural lands in Punjab will diminish the flow of the Indus River into Sindh, exacerbating the existing crisis.
Impact on Agriculture: Agriculture is a crucial part of Sindh’s economy, and the fear is that reduced water availability will lead to crop failures, affecting the livelihoods of millions of farmers. The agriculture sector’s vulnerability to water shortages is a significant concern for the local communities.
Inter-Provincial Tensions: The issue has heightened tensions between Sindh and Punjab. Many people in Sindh feel that their needs are overlooked in favor of Punjab’s agricultural expansion, leading to calls for a more equitable distribution of water resources.
Historical Context: Water disputes in Pakistan have deep historical roots, and past decisions regarding river management have often favored Punjab. This context fuels the anger and activism among Sindhis, who seek to protect their rights to water and ensure sustainable practices.
Activism and Advocacy: Various Sindhi political parties, civil society organizations, and local communities have mobilized to voice their concerns, emphasizing the need for dialogue and cooperation on water-sharing agreements that consider the needs of all provinces.
These protests reflect the urgent need for fair water management policies and strategies that address the concerns of all stakeholders involved, especially in managing shared resources like the Indus River.
The federal as well as the Punjab government do not implement the Water Accord of 1991. Moreover, the federal government amended the IRSA Act that aims to deprive Sindh of its rights. The Punjab had already been stealing water allegedly through Chashma-Jehlum Link Canal and such other link canals. Due to this, the river water does not flow downstream Kotri, and the Indus Delta has been destroyed. Millions of acres of coastal land has been ruined due to sea intrusion. Would you comment on such a grave situation?
The situation you’ve described highlights a critical and complex water management crisis in Pakistan, specifically regarding the rights and distribution of water among provinces. The points you’ve raised illustrate serious grievances that the people of Sindh have regarding water allocation and management practices. Here’s a breakdown of the concerns:
- Water Accord of 1991
The 1991 Indus Water Accord was intended to establish a framework for equitable water-sharing among the provinces of Pakistan. However, many stakeholders in Sindh feel that the agreement has not been implemented effectively or fairly. The failure to adhere to this accord exacerbates feelings of neglect and inequity, particularly for Sindh, which relies heavily on the river for its agriculture and livelihoods.
- Amendment of the IRSA Act
With amendments to the Indus River System Authority (IRSA) Act, there are concerns that the rights of Sindh could be further compromised. If decision-making processes become less transparent or inclusive, it may lead to more imbalances in water distribution that disadvantage Sindh.
- Allegations of Water Theft
The claims of water diversion through projects like the Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal raise serious allegations of water theft. Such actions can lead to reduced downstream flow, which is crucial for regions like Sindh. These allegations aggravate existing tensions and mistrust among provinces, presenting a significant barrier to achieving collaborative solutions.
- Environmental Impact on the Indus Delta
The reduction of river flow downstream of Kotri has devastating environmental impacts, particularly on the Indus Delta. The delta has been severely affected, leading to coastal land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and increased vulnerability to sea intrusion. This has resulted in the destruction of habitats and has harmed communities that depend on these ecosystems for their livelihoods.
- Sea Intrusion
As freshwater flow diminishes, saltwater intrusion from the Arabian Sea has increased, rendering large areas of land unfit for agriculture. This phenomenon negatively impacts agricultural productivity, exacerbating food insecurity, and affecting millions of people who depend on farming.
- Call for Action
The gravity of the situation not only calls for immediate attention from the federal and provincial governments but also for a more cooperative approach towards water management that involves all stakeholders.
Addressing these complex challenges requires transparent dialogue, adherence to existing agreements like the 1991 Water Accord, and inclusive decision-making involving all provinces. Advocacy for sustainable practices and environmental conservation must also be part of the broader discussion.
In summary, the concerns you highlighted reflect an urgent need for reforms to ensure just and sustainable management of water resources that benefit all provinces equitably while preserving the environmental health of the Indus River and its delta.
The Palla fish of Sindh is at the verge of extinction due to destruction of Indus Delta and no water flow to the sea. This has deprived the fishing community of Sindh of their livelihood. Do you know the situation?
Yes, the situation regarding the Palla fish, or Hilsa fish, which is native to the Indus River, is indeed critical. The decline of this species is closely linked to the broader environmental and ecological issues affecting the Indus Delta and the river system.
Key Points Regarding the Decline of Palla Fish
Habitat Loss: The destruction of the Indus Delta, primarily due to reduced river flow and water diversion projects, has severely impacted the natural habitats of the Palla fish. The delta is a vital breeding and nursery ground for various fish species, including Palla, and its degradation has led to significant declines in their populations.
Reduced Freshwater Flow: Palla fish depend on a specific environment where freshwater from the Indus mixes with saltwater in the coastal areas. The reduced flow of the river has resulted in less brackish water availability, which is harmful to the breeding cycles of Palla.
Impact on Fishing Communities: The decline of Palla fish directly affects the livelihoods of local fishing communities in Sindh. Many families rely on this fish, not only for food and nutrition but also as a significant source of income. The loss of this fishery creates economic hardship and contributes to food insecurity in the region.
Ecological Balance: The Palla fish is an important species in the ecosystem of the Indus River and delta. Its decline can disrupt ecological balances and affect other species, further compounding environmental issues in the region.
Need for Conservation Efforts: There is an urgent need for conservation measures to protect the remaining populations of Palla fish. This includes habitat restoration, ensuring adequate freshwater flow to the delta, and implementing sustainable fishing practices to prevent overfishing and allow the population to recover.
Call to Action
Addressing the plight of Palla fish requires collaborative efforts from government bodies, environmental organizations, and local communities. Strategies can include:
Strengthening river management policies that prioritize ecological health and fish populations.
Raising awareness about the importance of conserving local fisheries and ecosystems.
Engaging local fishing communities in conservation efforts, ensuring they have a stake in protecting their livelihoods.
The plight of the Palla fish is a microcosm of the larger environmental and socioeconomic challenges faced by Sindh, underscoring the need for urgent action to protect both the river ecosystem and the livelihoods that depend on it.
Everywhere around the world, the lower riparian has more right over the river water. Same is the case with Sindh. Do you endorse the right of Sindh being the lower riparian?
Yes, I understand the perspective that Sindh, as a lower riparian province of the Indus River, has legitimate rights to the river’s water. This principle is supported by international norms regarding water rights, where lower riparian states typically have greater rights to the water flow, especially when ecosystems and livelihoods depend on it. Here are some important points to consider in support of Sindh’s rights:
- Lower Riparian Rights
International Norms: Globally, the principle of equitable and reasonable use of shared water resources generally favors lower riparian regions, as they rely directly on the flow of rivers for their water supply and agriculture.
Historical Context: Sindh has historically depended on the Indus River for its agriculture, livelihoods, and ecosystems. The river’s flow has crucial implications for its agricultural economy and natural environment.
- Ecological Balance
Environmental Sustainability: The health of the Indus Delta and surrounding ecosystems is directly tied to adequate river flow, which also affects biodiversity, including vital fisheries like Palla. Protecting Sindh’s water rights is essential for maintaining these ecological balances.
- Livelihoods and Food Security
Impact on Communities: Ensuring water flow to Sindh is vital for the millions of people who depend on agriculture and fishing for their livelihoods. Water scarcity significantly threatens food security in the region, leading to broader social and economic issues.
- Sustainable Management
Collaborative Approaches: Acknowledging Sindh’s rights as a lower riparian province emphasizes the need for collaborative water management that considers the needs of all provinces while ensuring ecological health. Dialogue and cooperation among provinces can help address grievances and foster sustainable practices.
- Legal Frameworks
Existing Agreements: The Indus Water Accord of 1991 was meant to protect the rights of all provinces, including that of Sindh as a lower riparian. Call for adherence to such agreements is a vital aspect of ensuring fairness and securing Sindh’s rights.
Supporting the rights of Sindh reflects a commitment to equitable water management, environmental sustainability, and the well-being of communities that depend on the river system. Advocating for Sindh’s rights should be framed within the broader context of promoting cooperation and sustainable use of shared water resources among all provinces in Pakistan.
The federal as well as the provincial government of Punjab do not pay any heed to the protest of Sindh government and the people of Sindh. What would you recommend to federal and Punjab governments?
The ongoing tensions surrounding water rights and the grievances expressed by the people and government of Sindh require urgent attention and a collaborative approach. Here are some recommendations for the federal and Punjab governments to address these issues effectively:
- Engage in Dialogue
Inclusive Negotiations: The federal government should facilitate an open and structured dialogue between the provinces, particularly between Sindh and Punjab. Such discussions should focus on water-sharing agreements that consider the needs and rights of all stakeholders.
Conflict Resolution Mechanism: Establishing a formal mechanism for addressing inter-provincial water disputes could help in resolving issues amicably before they escalate into protests.
- Adhere to Existing Agreements
Implement the 1991 Water Accord: It is critical for both the federal and Punjab governments to honor the agreements made in the 1991 Indus Water Accord. This will help restore trust among provinces and ensure equitable distribution of water resources.
Transparency in Decision-Making: Being transparent about water management decisions and involving Sindh in discussions about new projects or changes in water allocation will help alleviate concerns of exploitation.
- Develop Sustainable Water Management Policies
Integrated Water Resource Management: Adopt a comprehensive approach to managing water resources that focuses on both agricultural needs and ecological health, ensuring that downstream areas like Sindh receive adequate water flow.
Environmental Impact Assessments: Before implementing new canal projects or water diversion strategies, conduct thorough assessments of their potential impacts on riverine ecosystems, communities, and downstream provinces.
- Invest in Water Conservation and Efficiency
Modernizing Irrigation: Encourage Punjab to adopt more efficient irrigation practices to reduce water waste, thereby minimizing the need for new canals and ensuring more water is available for downstream users.
Promoting Rainwater Harvesting: The federal government could promote practices such as rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge to improve overall water availability in both Punjab and Sindh.
- Engage with Local Communities
Incorporate Local Voices: Actively involve local communities, farmers, and fishing communities in discussions on water management, ensuring their concerns and traditional knowledge are heard and considered.
Awareness Campaigns: Both governments could run awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of sustainable water management and the need for collaboration among provinces.
- Monitor and Evaluate
Regular Assessments: Establish a monitoring body to regularly assess the health of water resources and the impacts of water management decisions on downstream areas. This will help in making informed decisions moving forward.
By taking these steps, the federal and Punjab governments can work towards resolving the ongoing water disputes, promoting cooperation among provinces, and ensuring the rights and livelihoods of the people of Sindh are upheld. Such actions would not only address current grievances but also foster a more sustainable and equitable approach to water management across Pakistan.
My last question – It is said that Pakistan military Generals are behind corporate farming and they want water for farming through disputed canals. What do you say?
The relationship between military influence and agriculture in Pakistan is complex and often rooted in historical, political, and economic contexts. There have been allegations that military generals have vested interests in various industries, including corporate farming. This can lead to concerns about resource allocation, particularly regarding water management and disputes over canals.
The management of water resources in Pakistan is critical, given the country’s reliance on the Indus River system for agriculture, which is a significant part of its economy. Disputes over water rights, especially in regions where water scarcity is prevalent, can exacerbate tensions between different provinces and stakeholders.
The notion that military officials might support corporate farming in order to control water resources through disputed canals raises important questions about governance, accountability, and the prioritization of agricultural policies. Such dynamics can affect small farmers who rely on equitable water access.
It’s essential to look at these claims critically, considering various perspectives and the broader socio-political context. Investigative journalism and independent research can provide more clarity on the extent of military involvement in agriculture and its implications for water resources in Pakistan. What are your thoughts on this issue?
Read: Sindhi women take to the streets to protest against anti-Sindh projects
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Based in Karachi, Sindh, Nasir Aijaz is an internationally acclaimed senior journalist, author of ten books on history, language, literature and travelogue etc.
The article indeed is very informative. Such articles should appear regularly in National Press in English and Urdu as well. Chat Gpt can translate in 70 different languages including Sindhi.